What Effective Practice Really Means - 1690 Words

In everyday life if we want to improve on something that we have done, we must be open to reflection, so that we can identify our strengths and weaknesses and find areas that can be improved on. As the GTCNI competence Framework states, â€Å"Teachers should keep curricular, subject and pedagogical knowledge up-to-date through reflection, self-study and collaboration with colleagues.† (Internet source 1) By taking this into consideration it is then evident that just like in everyday life, if teachers want to become truly effective practitioners they must develop their capacity for critically reflecting upon their practice. No person every stops learning, so no matter how long someone has been teaching, time must be given to reflect upon their†¦show more content†¦Teaching requires a combination of both the subject knowledge and an understanding of effective practice for it to be effective within the classroom. From my own experience out on the school serial days, one of the main things I noticed was that teaching involved a whole lot more than just teaching the curriculum to the pupils. All students have different methods of learning and within the classroom there is a wide range of abilities. So it is the teacher’s responsibility to ensure that all students are given the opportunity to reach their full potential, in order for them to be truly effective practitioners. On the other hand reflective practice can be seen as the central aspect of the teaching and learning process. Boyd and Fayles (1983:1) defined reflective practice as, â€Å"learning is the process of internally examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective.† Schon believes that there are two aspects to reflective practice: reflection-in-action and reflection-on-action. Schon, D. A. (1983), [cited in

Vietnam War and the Media Free Essays

string(98) " the America media were not expectant of the attack and assumed that the military did not either\." Write an essay that offers a critical examination of the concept of the ‘guilty media’ thesis in respect of any war of your choice Natasa Perdiou The Vietnam War was the first war that allowed uncensored media coverage resulting in images and accounts of horrific events that served to shape public opinion of the war like nothing that had been seen before. This portrayal by the media led to a separation between the press and the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam War and the Media or any similar topic only for you Order Now government, as much of what was reported defied the intentions of government policy. The media has fell blame by many for the result of the war, as it is widely believed that the war could not have been won under the scrutiny that came from the American people as a result of the media coverage. From the beginning of the Vietnam War to the present, the media has been an immeasurable factor in the perception of the war as the stories, true or false, that were reported gave the American people a face to an ugly war. The question over how much, if any, the media had affected the outcome of the war has been an unrelenting one and is likely to continue for a long time to come. But one fact that cannot be doubted is that the dreadfulness of war entered the living rooms of Americans for the first time during the Vietnam War. For nearly a decade the American public could watch villages being destroyed, Vietnamese children burning to death, and American body bags being sent home. Although early coverage mainly supported U. S involvement in the war, television news dramatically changed its frame of the war after the Tet Offensive. Images of the U. S led massacre at My Lai dominated the television, yet the daily atrocities committed by North Vietnam and the Viet Cong rarely made the evening news. Moreover, the anti-war movement at home gained increasing media attention while the U. S soldier was forgotten in Vietnam. There was a stable build up of US military support activity in Vietnam during the period 1954 to 1965, but the first combat troops did not emerge until March 1965. During this period, media attention in the war was slow in building up, the first resident TV correspondent, NBC’s Garrick Utley, only arriving in late 1964. The media did build up and as the war became progressively more aggressive, journalists were sent out in increasing numbers. It would be fair to say that reporting of Vietnam increased approximately in proportion to the military presence. Prior to the involvement of ground troops in Vietnam, media coverage was concentrated to the political dimension of the war of stabilizing a non-communist regime in South Vietnam. The media at this time was committed to reporting news that reflected the common anti-communist stance, which was so † powerful in the early 60’s that as long as the Vietnam War remained small, the administration had little trouble with the press† (Hallin 28). [4] By 1965 media coverage of Vietnam increased as the U. S. was becoming more part of an aggressive war. Reporting began to shift from the intention of eradication the world of communism to the frustration of the men in the field. After the heavy use of ground troops, a shift in coverage occurred that â€Å"put much of the attention on the military situation† of the war. (Wyatt 133). [9] An increasing number of reports began to emerge about a lack of incentive and motivation on the part of the South Vietnamese troops. This brought to question the whole role of American interference, as the U. S. was proposed to support the South Vietnamese in their effort against the North, not the other way around. 1965 did not only mark the increase of ground troops into Vietnam, it also brought the emergence of television into the realm of media coverage, while the government was trying to maintain the idea that that the U. S was making encouraging progress, that the Vietnam War was necessary and that victory was not inevitable. While a small percentage of coverage was dedicated to warfare and death, what was seen was not forgotten by the American people. The famous General William Westmoreland states that â€Å"[the coverage was] almost exclusively violent, miserable or controversial; guns firing, men falling, helicopters crashing, buildings toppling, huts burning, refugees fleeing, women wailing. A shot of a single building in ruins could give the impression of an entire town destroyed. † [7] So, in spite of continuous reports of victory, the public had a hard time coming to grips with what they saw their troops involved in Vietnam. Such coverage, along with the vivid images that emerge on T. V. ed to a serious rise in anti-war protest that was merely strengthened by the events of 1968. The Tet Offensive of 1968 marked the greatest conflict in beliefs of the United Stated government and the media. In January, North Vietnamese troops attacked the North cities of South Vietnam and the U. S. embassy in Saigon. The media and the television, however, portrayed the attack as a brutal defeat for the U. S, totally altering the outcom e of the war at the very moment when government officials were publicly stating that victory in Vietnam was â€Å"just around the corner† (Wyatt 167)[8]. The media covered all the events that immediately followed the Tet Offensive and the American public began wondering whether this war could be won. Don Oberdorfer a Washington reporter said that â€Å"there’s no doubt Tet was one of the biggest events in contemporary American history, within two months the, American body politically turned around on the war. And they were significantly influenced by events they saw on television†. [2] The Tet offensive was not totally unpredicted by the US military. In reality, the final result was a success, in military terms, for the US as the Vietnamese did undergo serious casualties and were driven back. However, the America media were not expectant of the attack and assumed that the military did not either. You read "Vietnam War and the Media" in category "Papers" Seeing the US embassy being undertaken by the Vietnamese presented the event as a defeat, ‘television fell prey to its chronic lust for drama. ’[1] After the Tet offensive the media began to attack the American involvement in Vietnam. It became clear to the American public that there was no clear way to win the war. Also, in reaction to public mood the media started sending damaging reports from the frontlines; they suggested that American troops lacked the specific training for the terrain and the type of warfare they were subjected to. They also gave the idea to people that the new rebellious generation and the great pressures of the war meant that many soldiers were drug abusers and carrying out atrocities. The media concentrated on civilian casualties and incidents such as the one in My Lai, These images on people’s televisions, left people in outrage, many had lost faith in the war and saw no military plan capable of wining such a war. They were outraged by their country’s conduct in the war and were set into a moral panic, seeing brutal scenes of civilian casualties committed by their own troops. The war was now seen as a shameful one and the government was seen to be at fault, forcing many young men to their death or to commit the atrocities they saw on their TV screens. The former Vietnam correspondent Robert Elegant of the Los Angeles times said that â€Å"for the first time in modern history the outcome of a war is seemed destined to be determined not on the battlefield but on the printed page and, above all, on the television screen† [3] The reporting of the actual war was deteriorating, just at the moment when the American military advisers hoped to push for victory. The North Vietnamese causalities following the Tet offensive had left them vulnerable and it was expected that an immediate attack to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail would permit the US troops the chance for total success. The news, though, was almost totally concentrating on the rising anti-war division in the US and stories of low morale and indiscipline among the US troops. The media were responsible for the American withdrawal from Vietnam because of the poor quality of reporting which lacked in validity in its facts about events and incidents in the war. It seems with all these misreports or blatant lies, which was meant to purposely damage the image of the American fighting forces in Vietnam public opinion of the war was very low in America. However the question is to what extent, if any, did this coverage change the outcome of the war? It would be reasonable to suggest that the Tet offensive was the most significant incident in shaping the outcome of the war. The media certainly reported the assault in the most inaccurate way for the US army. Activist young journalists, who had not in the past witness any real fighting were all of a sudden bounded by fighting supposed that the North Vietnamese had won a great victory. The US government and army were to a degree guilty since they were aware the assault was going to happen and did not inform the media for reasons of national security. There was a succeeding recovery by the Americans and the media did not report this. Moreover, fragile leadership, mainly from Lyndon Johnson, did not motivate confidence in the war effort. Evidence does also indicate that there was no absolute public support for the war, even earlier than the negative coverage by media began. The reasons for the war, to ceased the spreading of communism (the Domino Theory), were not clearly demonstrated and maintained. Some Americans began to realise that the Communist threat was used as a scapegoat to hide imperialistic intentions. After the media’s massive blunder of reporting the Tet offensive as a major psychological defeat, and not having the sophistication, integrity or courage to admit their error opposition to war rose sharply. These innumerable domestic divisions gave the chance to high ranking members of Johnson’s administration to begin expressing their disapproval of Johnson’s actions to the media. This put pressure on government into engaging in to a more defensive military strategy that may have altered the likelihood of victory for the US. President Johnson was under fire from anti-war ‘doves’ and submitted to both ceasing the bombing of North Vietnam and beginning the Paris Peace talks. As expected, he also announced his decision not to stand for re-election. To make things worse, the war cost two-thousand-million dollars every month. The price of many goods in the United States began to rise. The value of the dollar began to drop. The result was inflation. Then economic activity slowed, and the result was recession. Opposition to the war and to the Administration’s war policies led to bigger and bigger anti-war demonstrations. Johnson’s successor, Richard Nixon, in an effort to gain the public support back announced a plan of ‘Vietnamization’ of the war. This involved swapping US troops with more South Vietnamese troops, trained and armed by the US, after the first US troop withdrawals from Vietnam started in June 1969. Unluckily for Nixon, this did not discourage the anti-war protest who demonstrated in record numbers (250,000) in Washington in November 1969. [10] Images in television in every living room in America were showing the true dreadfulness of war for the first time. Reports of military failure (especially Tet) and slaughter such as the My Lai event shaped an air of scepticism. The media at home were also reporting the rising number and intensity of anti-war protest, legitimising opposition to war. A thing television was guilty of was only placing emphasis on the US troops. The stories that made the news were always about US troops in combat, US troops doing civil action, sometimes US troops in trouble (desertion, drugs, fragging). The allies, whose losses (280,000 South Vietnamese dead) far exceeded those of American troops, were invisible to the American crews. This gave the American public the feeling that the war was being waged mostly by the Americans and it was probably this, more than the almost exclusively violent coverage which gave the public a sense of disillusionment and war weariness. Additionally, media coverage of the war in Vietnam shook the faith of citizens at home. The media was the catalyst, which promoted the rising American anti-war movement. They were to a great degree accountable for the American troops’ withdrawal from Vietnam because of its poor quality of reporting which lacked in accuracy about the facts and events of the war. It is obvious that this kind of misinformation seriously destroyed both the image and the morale of the American soldier in Vietnam. There’s no wonder public opinion of the war was very low in America. But the truth is that the media only sunk a slowly sinking politically based ship, as public opinion of the war was already falling. The public were already starting to see through the government’s political talk that they had no definite military plan for victory or a justifiable reason to fight against a nation of infantrymen. The American media just dramatised the events to entirely destroy the very political principles which started the war. The media caused such a moral alarm in America at the time, people lost trust in its own government. The media left t America in such a chaos that its own government had to surrender to public opinion. So to what extend are the media guilty for the loss of the war? The media played a key role in American withdrawal from Vietnam. It might as well be proper to suggest that with American support for the war, America forces effort into the war may have been better and the outcome of the war may have been different. Nevertheless, the chief reality is that the America forces in Vietnam had no apparent military strategy to be successful in its political mean. So consequently the media can not be solely guilty for the American withdrawal. Yet, the question is, would have American forces been withdraw from Vietnam with no media negative reporting of the war? The answer is that we will never know for sure. But we can undoubtedly say that Americans’ support for the war would have mostly remained high all over the war, the pressure on the American troops and government wouldn’t have appeared. Without all of the these factors the American troops may have had the time to adjust to the style of warfare and topography and resolve the behavioural and discipline troubles they were facing which highly attracted the media attention. This could mean that America would have continued the war in Vietnam, which may, but not definitely would have created a different outcome. Despite this, you still can’t say that the media is totally responsible for the withdrawal of American fighting forces in Vietnam. It was the longest war in American history which resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths and an estimated 2 million Vietnamese deaths. The financial cost to the United States was just as deep. Even today, many Americans still ask whether the American effort in Vietnam was a sin, a blunder, a necessary war, or a noble cause, or an idealistic, if failed, effort to protect the South Vietnamese from totalitarian government. Nicholas Hopkinson’s statement is the one that probably best reflects the situation of the media in Vietnam: As public enthusiasm faded, reporting became more and more critical[†¦] but to single the media out as the decisive element in declining public opinion is incorrect. US opinion turned against the war because it was long unsuccessful, costly in terms of human life and expenditure. ’[6] Words: 2314 References Bibliography: 1. Braestrup, Peter. â€Å"The News Media and the War in Vietnam: Myths and Realities† 2. Don Oberdorfer, Tet! , September 1, 1971 3. Elegant, Robert, ‘How to Lose a War’, Encounter, 57, 2 (1981), 73 89 4. Hallin, Daniel C. , The Uncensored War: The Media and Vietnam. Los Angles: California University of California Press, 1986. 5. George Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States in Vietnam, 1950-1975 (1986) . Nicholas Hopkinson, â€Å"War and the media’’ Wilton Paper 55 (London: HMSO, 1992): 6-7 7. Westmoreland, William C. A Soldier Reports (Garden City, N. Y. , Doubleday, 1976) 8. William M. Hammond, Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962-1968 (1989) and Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1968-1973 (1996). 9. Wyatt, Clarence R. Paper Soldiers: The Americ an Press and the Vietnam War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Internet sources : 10. www. nytimes. com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1115. html How to cite Vietnam War and the Media, Essays

Employees Use Apps In Making Their Work And Personal Life Better

Question: Discuss about the Employees Use Apps In Making Their Work And Personal Life Better. Answer: Introduction: In the life of human beings, work plays an important role. In the present scenario, where unpredictability and fast-paced business is the talk of the town, it is certainly not easy to attain work life balance. As per Perrons 2017, with increasing connectivity through social media and technology, it is becoming added difficulty in separating work from the personal lives of employees. It has become a commonplace to check on the emails at all hours, taking calls for business at the dinner table, and working from the laptops on the weekends. Employers have started expecting more out of their employees, which is often driving the people into pressurized corners for attaining bigger results. Consequently, this has often lead to working for longer hours and spending less time at home. It is for the employers or the business leaders to feel responsible in helping their team or people juggle the demands of their work process and the personal lives, as the most efficient of employees might still be lingering around to find exact work-life balance (Hubbard 2016). Technological App in Work/Life Balance: However, the concept of work/life balance is going for a massive change: work and home life are not considered as two split entities, positioning the competing demands on the resources of human beings, though enduring distinct in terms of location and time. According to Freeburg et al. (2014), as an alternative, the term work/life merge has been coined currently in trendy culture for describing the liquefying of the boundaries existing between the work lives to that of homes. This merging of two worlds has only been possible by the entrance of the mobile technologies and the portable Wi-Fi, especially in the last twenty years. In the present scenario, work can be completed even if the employee is away from the office with certain apps, whereas maintaining proper contact with family back home is also possible during times of busy working day (Anderson et al. 2013). Opportunities: For facilitating the transition in the pattern of working, it is significant in identifying the impact of such changes on the workers and the research that has emerged in the last two decades has started elucidating this field. On reconsidering the research available over the database, it instantly becomes evident that using of the mobile technologies can provide both advantages and disadvantages to the employees. An important advantage that materializes on constant basis is the suppleness of the mobile technology app offering, facilitating employees in regulating the pace, time and location in which they accomplish their work (Wiese 2015). Associated to this is the augmented ability in accommodating work and fun into their lives and also being able to work for longer hours before the start of their jobs to encroaching on their homely lives. Furthermore, another advantage that is being perceived by the workers is the prospective of the employees for bigger productivity and competence of using the technological apps, along with the apparent benefit of having immediate access to colleagues when being away from the office. Adding to that is the survey results of employees working in the IT industry, where it has been identified that higher morale among staffs and their capability in manipulating the employers impressions through dedicated appearance by being ever available. Nonetheless, it can be stated that the use of apps have been beneficial in one way or the other in helping the employees maintain a work-life balance. Not only the big business corporations, but also the small businesses require enough dedication along with excellence to survive in this cutthroat competition (Goodwin and Graebe 2017). From small entrepreneurs to big business leaders, there are numerous things like satisfying of the needs of the customers, employees, keeping pace with the stiff competition, developing a good work balance, requiring birds eye view for them to lead a life free from any sort of stress. Such leaders or employers should consider their employees to be their biggest assets. Therefore, it is imperative on their part to have a strong business plan that has the ability in increasing the revenue of the business and creating an environment where the employees are able to perform better. Business app has been one such factor that has helped the employers and the e mployees in injecting more life to the balance of their work-life. Benefits for Employees: Certain benefits for using of these apps by the employees can be discussed here in this section. The first among many such benefits of using these apps are an app never sleeps. An investor would do well to invest in the business apps for the employees can execute their assigned tasks and assist the business employer in merchandising with his services and products, while performing certain other tasks like sleeping for longer hours, playing soccer with their children or enjoying quality time with friends and family. Apps have made it easy to perform the tasks at any point of time. Adding to that is the apps ability to let the employee maintain a long-term relationship with his clients and other customers. Every business at certain point of time comes up with some grand news and offerings for their clients. Then, it is not always possible for the client to unlock the mail or go through the company website to know about such offers. According to Wiese (2015), an app can establish to be the eventual method of cutting down the frenzied procedure of investigating the websites or emails in offering reliable information about the offerings, right in the palm of their hand- their smartphone. An employee does not need to be physically reminding his client of all the offerings all the time amidst his busy work-life schedule. Issues: However, the employees have also cited certain disadvantages in the use of technological apps. It has been recognized that app use can lead to augmented expectations from the employers along with an increase in the workload having a feeling of never being off duty. The negative influence of the family life have also been identified, especially that technology has the ability in lengthening the working day, intruding with the family life, which might lead to any sort of conflict with the family members (Stawarz et al. 2013). It has been witnessed that the emergence of these apps has contributed to the increase in the stress level of the employees in the fear of they being monitored by their employees. Striking balance with Health and Well-being App: Roughly, around 75 million people have been using their mobile phones for health with in the current situation there are around 1,00,000 health and wellness apps in the market that can be used by the employees to keep track of their health related issues (Deepika and Rani 2014). These personal monitoring devices have the ability of collecting data on everything from the steps taken from breathing to heart rate, along with apps that might sense the starting of any chronic illness of individuals at workplace. The expansion of the technology and the birth of such apps for both the personal and professional use make incorporating technology into the workplace a well-positioned advancement for affecting the well-being of the employees. This helps in enhancing of the collaboration and innovation through the global and fundamental work teams, putting in the best minds mutually for addressing of a problem, despite of their physical position (Frizzell 2015). It also helps in increasing the en gagement and the work-life balance for the employees with flexible arrangements for work. Management and Motivational Theories and Recommendations on Using the Apps: Motivating the workers for using of this technological apps and making them interact with the health technology at workplace can sometimes be difficult. For decades now, the social scientists have been trying to establish the factors that motivate the behaviour of people, the ways they are being motivated and the reasons for the same (Hubbard 2016). Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory: Hertzbergs two-factor theory of motivation has been able to identify the factors that influence the motivation of employees and augment their level of satisfaction. If there is existence of the motivating factors, it can well lead to satisfy the employees and motivate them in working harder. Similarly, if there is lack of the hygiene factors, they can well lead to dissatisfaction among employees and generate any sort of motivation. This theory takes into account the needs and wants of the employees are to be focused on by the employers to keep the workforce happy and productive. Employees require the feeling of supportiveness, offering feedback and making sure the work is not overly pressurizing them in any way and keeping them away from the family (Goodwin and Graebe 2017). Such business and health well-being apps have the ability of providing the employees with the motivating and hygiene factors where they can keep themselves connected with the family all the time and do their work at the same time. Their physical presence at workplace is not required all the time; they can have fun, be with the family and still be able to execute their tasks. The TimeTune app for Android and ATracker follows the routine of an individual in providing them with the data for analyzing the ways they would be spending their days (Roy 2016). It makes the employee ready on working out the ways of shifting towards the more pragmatic ratio of working and relaxing. This apps saves the employees from being stressed and pressurized all the time. It motivates them to work in a better way without being there at workplace all the time. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: The theory of Hierarchy of Needs that is being developed by the psychologist Abraham Maslow, states that the basic requirements of the individuals should be fulfilled before they feel motivated in attaining higher-level needs. Five level of hierarchy, with the first being physiological comprises of the needs for survival like the food, water and shelter.Adding to that is the safety concern including the personal and financial security along with the well-being of the employees. Female employees can use the security apps available these days to stay connected with close friends and families while working late at nights. Any wrong doing or uncanny situation might lead the female employee to click on the app that sends messages to the contacts that are most near to that particular female employee along with the nearest police station. It helps the female employee being stress free and keeps in touch with her dear ones in her time of need. The third is the sense of belongingness that takes in the requirement for friendships, family and relationships. It is often the moving parts of an employees life, that sometimes causes the biggest barrier for them to stay focused. It might happen that an employee might not be able to concentrate in sales meeting because he might forget at what time he needs to take his partner to airport. The Cozi app cuts short these concerns by putting in the personal information at one place. It takes in the to-do list, calendar, journal, shopping list and even a recipe manager. The beauty of this app is that every family member can have admittance through it and there is no need for whispering through the frenetic phone calls at work for coordinating the schedules or even setting up an appointment with doctor (Fleck, Robison and Cox 2014). The fourth in line is the esteem, the need for being confident and be respected by others, which would be possible with these apps. These apps have made it possible for the employees in doing their own work and not being dependent or anyone or any other thing. Proper use of this apps would instil the confidence among the employees in executing any given task within the time frame, as these apps makes accessibility of work related factors from any situation and position. Lastly, it is the self-actualization of the employees in attaining everything that one possibly can at the workplace though the use of these apps. This would enable the employee in planning his own things, scheduling important occasions so that they do not be missed at any given time. It is the desire of the employees to strike and maintain a proper balance among work and life that he exhibits eagerness in using of these apps. Conclusion: It can be concluded that maintain work/life balance is a significant factor for the employees. Working 24/7 can never be an option. Working all the time would burn out an individual. The burn out would lead to disappear all the passion that an employ had for his job. So, it becomes important for the employees in striking a balance between the time he provides at his desk and the time away for staying happy, productive, sane and healthy. There is existence of enough apps that might block the emails and help an employee keep calm and make the work/life balance a certainty. References: Anderson, D., Lewis, S., Lyonette, C., Payne, N. and Wood, S., 2013. Work-life balance policies, practices and discourse and public sector cuts. Deepika, M. and Rani, M.M., 2014. WORK LIFE BALANCE. Fleck, R., Robison, R.A. and Cox, A.L., 2014, September. Balancing boundaries: The role of technology boundary work in managing work-life balance. Freeburg, M., LaBrozzi, R., Mamberg, M., O'Connor, E. and Wu, T.C.T., 2014. Work/Life Balance?. Frizzell, R.E., 2015.Manufacturing satisfaction with work-family balance: the effects of employee type, technology use, life role salience(Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University). Goodwin, G.C. and Graebe, S.F., 2017. Work-Life Balance. InA Doctorate and Beyond(pp. 179-185). Springer International Publishing. Hubbard, A.G., 2016. The Effect of Technology on Work-Life Balance: Women in Higher Education. Michel, A., Bosch, C. and Rexroth, M., 2014. Mindfulness as a cognitiveemotional segmentation strategy: An intervention promoting worklife balance.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(4), pp.733-754. Nam, T., 2014. Technology use and work-life balance.Applied Research in Quality of Life,9(4), pp.1017-1040. Perrons, D., 2017. WorkLife Balance.The International Encyclopedia of Geography. Redmond, B.F., 2015. Herzberg's two-factor theory [Digital image]. Roy, G., 2016. Impact of Mobile Communication Technology on the Work Life Balance of Working Women-a Review of Discourses.Journal of Contemporary Management Research,10(1), p.79. Stawarz, K., Cox, A.L., Bird, J. and Benedyk, R., 2013, April. I'd sit at home and do work emails: how tablets affect the work-life balance of office workers. InCHI'13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems(pp. 1383-1388). ACM. Wiese, B.S., 2015. Work-life-balance. InWirtschaftspsychologie(pp. 227-244). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Transgenesis and Selective Breeding Essay Example For Students

Transgenesis and Selective Breeding Essay Great prospects have opened up to selective breeding in connection with the development of cellular and genetic engineering. Based on their achievements, plant biotechnology is developing very intensively. The main direction of biotechnological work is the production of transgenic animals and plants, i.e., plants in the genome of which introduced alien genetic information. The success of experiments made by the scientists on plant transformation was largely promoted by the creation of vectors based on the Ti plasmid (tumor-induced tumor-inducing) of bacteria from the genus Agrobacterium. Gene donors can be bacteria, fungi, other plant species, animals, and even humans, but the traits were found. We will write a custom essay on Transgenesis and Selective Breeding specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In the introduction, the transgene is carried out for various purposes: to increase the overall productivity of plants; to create traits of increasing resistance to pests, viral and fungal diseases, to nematodes; increasing resistance to herbicides; increasing resistance to stress factors; production of proteins, antibodies in transgenic plants (interferon, immunoglobulin); obtaining male-sterile plants; changing the color of flowers in ornamental crops. The first transgenic animals and plants were obtained in 1983 in the laboratories of the USA, Germany, New Zealand, and Belgium. In 1992, the scientists investigated industrial cultivation of insect-resistant transgenic tobacco, and drought-resistant crops were started. In addition, the hemoglobin gene from the gram-negative bacterium Vitreoscilla was introduced into the tobacco genome, due to which the dry matter yield increased by 80-100%, and the leaves contained more chlorophyll and nicotine. In 1994, the first plant intended for human consumption was registered in the USA and New Zealand tomato Favre-Save with delayed ripening. By 1997, transgenic animals and plants of more than 120 species were obtained. In 2000, the transgene plants were grown in 13 countries on an area of 44.2 million hectares.  The company Monsanto created potatoes, which is not affected by the Colorado potato beetle that was explored by the scientists. The gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces a protein that is toxic to beetle larvae, is inserted into the potato genome. Protein is the transgene that is not dangerous to humans and animals; it decomposes in the soil in a few days. The herbicide-resistant Ruanda varieties of soybean, corn, drought-resistant crops, rapeseed, cotton are allowed for use in many countries, including New Zealand. There were created drought resisted crops, protected from the stem moth, tomatoes with the smell and taste of freshly picked. One of the centers of biotechnological work in New Zealand is the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, where research is conducted in the field of the gene, chromosomal and cell engineering, including the creation and evaluation of transgenic plants. How we use it in the modern time A modern direction in selective breeding is also the hybridization of a somatic cell or parasexual hybridization. It is based on the fusion of protoplasts of somatic cell devoid of the enzymatic membrane, and the production of the hybrid cell. In this way, it is possible to overcome not only interspecific but also inter generic barriers of non-interbreeding. Hybrid cells are able to form callus undifferentiated tissue, in which there are pockets of differentiation. Of these, the regeneration of hybrid plants is possible. Somatic hybridization opens up great prospects for obtaining new starting material for selective breeding. Its success depends on the degree of genetic proximity of the crossed forms. There are somatic hybrids of cultivated and wild potatoes. American breeder J. Power obtained somatic hybrids between petunia species such as the transgene that does not intersect in the usual traits. Hybrids inherited a valuable decorative feature a branched, creeping escape. H. Schenk obtained a somatic hybrid between cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and turnip. It was created a somatic hybrid between two representatives of the cruciferous family: However, such forms can be used to study patterns of morphogenesis and genetic incompatibility. .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .postImageUrl , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:hover , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:visited , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:active { border:0!important; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:active , .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ec713b72b1142d46c784615e89da02a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Creationism In Schools EssayThe benefit of selective breeding One of the latest achievements in the field of selective animal breeding was the cloning carried out by the method of transplanting the nucleus of the somatic cell into fertilized eggs or milk. The widely publicized birth of Dolly the lamb grew from such an egg, along with the attractive prospect of reproduction of valuable genotypes, such as drought-resistant crops, it gave rise to the problem associated with the rapid aging of the cloned animal. But if the negative consequences of this method are overcome, then it can really be very useful. The creation of domestic animal breeds began after their domestication and domestication, which began 10–12 thousand years ago. Content in captivity reduces the effect of the stabilizing form of natural selection. Various forms of artificial selection (initially unconscious and then methodical) lead to the creation of the whole variety of breeds of domestic animals. In the selection of animals, for example, transgenic cows, compared with the selection of plants, there are a number of features. First, sexual reproduction is mainly characteristic of animals. Therefore any breed is a complex heterozygous system, as for transgenic cows. There is an assessment of the qualities of the males, which apparently they do not appear (egg production, milk fat content from transgenic cows), are evaluated by progeny and pedigree. Secondly, in many species, there is late puberty, a change of generations occurs after a few years. Thirdly, the offspring are not numerous. The main methods of selective animal breeding (for example, breeding of transgenic cows) are: hybridization selection There are the same methods of crossing closely related crossing, inbreeding, and unrelated, outbreeding. Inbreeding has its chain reaction, like in plants, leads to depression. Selection from animals, for example, transgenic cows, is carried out on the exterior (certain parameters of the external structure or milk), because he is the criterion of the breed. In conclusion, it is aimed at preserving and improving the breed. Practically, it is expressed in the selection of the best producers, culling individuals that do not meet the requirements of the breed. In selective breeding farms, selective breeding books are kept that reflect the genealogy, exterior and productivity of animals of many generations. Interbreeding is used to create a new breed as a chain reaction. At the same time they often carry out close-breeding interbreeding parents are crossed with offspring, brothers, and sisters, which helps to get a greater number of individuals with the desired properties. Inbreeding is accompanied by rigorous continuous selection; usually, several lines are obtained, and then different lines are crossed.

Neutralizing a Base With an Acid

Neutralizing a Base With an Acid When an acid and a base react with each other, a neutralization reaction occurs, forming a salt and water. The water forms from the combination of the H ions from the acid and the OH- ions from the base. Strong acids and strong bases completely dissociate, so the reaction yields a solution with a neutral pH (pH 7). Because of the complete dissociation between strong acids and bases, if youre given a concentration of an acid or base, you can determine the volume or quantity of the other chemical required to neutralize it. This example problem explains how to determine how much acid is needed to neutralize a known volume and concentration of a base: Solving an Acid-Base Neutralization Problem What volume of 0.075 M HCl is required to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 M Ca(OH)2 solution? HCl is a strong acid and will dissociate completely in water to H and Cl-. For every mole of HCl, there will be one mole of H. Since the concentration of HCl is 0.075 M, the concentration of H will be 0.075 M. Ca(OH)2 is a strong base and will dissociate completely in water to Ca2 and OH-. For every mole of Ca(OH)2 there will be two moles of OH-. The concentration of Ca(OH)2 is 0.01 M so [OH-] will be 0.02 M. So, the solution will be neutralized when the number of moles of H equals the number of moles of OH-. Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of OH-.Molarity moles/volumemoles Molarity x Volumemoles OH- 0.02 M/100 millilitersmoles OH- 0.02 M/0.1 litersmoles OH- 0.002 molesStep 2: Calculate the Volume of HCl neededMolarity moles/volumeVolume moles/MolarityVolume moles H/0.075 Molaritymoles H moles OH-Volume 0.002 moles/0.075 MolarityVolume 0.0267 LitersVolume 26.7 milliliters of HCl Performing the Calculation 26.7 milliliters of 0.075 M HCl is needed to neutralize 100 milliliters of 0.01 Molarity Ca(OH)2 solution. The most common mistake people make when performing this calculation is not accounting for the number of moles of ions produced when the acid or base dissociates. Its easy to understand: only one mole of hydrogen ions is produced when hydrochloric acid dissociates, yet also easy to forget its not a 1:1 ratio with the number of moles of hydroxide released by calcium hydroxide (or other bases with divalent or trivalent cations). The other common mistake is a simple math error. Make sure you convert milliliters of solution to liters when you calculate the molarity of your solution!

Introduction to Post-Roman Britain

Introduction to Post-Roman Britain In response to a request for military assistance in 410, Emperor Honorius told the British people they would have to defend themselves. The occupation of Britain by Roman forces had come to an end. The next 200 years are the least well-documented in the recorded history of Britain. Historians must turn to archaeological finds to glean an understanding of life in this time period; but unfortunately, without documentary evidence to provide names, dates, and the details of political events, the discoveries can only offer a general, and theoretical, picture. Still, by piecing together archaeological evidence, documents from the continent, monument inscriptions, and the few contemporary chronicles such as the works of Saint Patrick and Gildas, scholars have gained a general understanding of the time period as set forth here. The Map of Roman Britain in 410 shown here is available in a larger version. The People of Post-Roman Britain The inhabitants of Britain were at this time somewhat Romanized, especially in urban centers; but by blood and by tradition they were primarily Celtic. Under the Romans, local chieftains had played an active role in the government of the territory, and some of these leaders took up the reigns now that the Roman officials were gone. Nevertheless, cities began to deteriorate, and the population of the entire island may have declined, in spite of the fact that immigrants from the continent were settling along the east coast. Most of these new inhabitants were from Germanic tribes; the one most often mentioned is Saxon. Religion in Post-Roman Britain The Germanic newcomers worshipped pagan gods, but because Christianity had become the favored religion in the empire in the preceding century, most Britons were Christian. However, many British Christians followed the teachings of their fellow Briton Pelagius, whose views on original sin were condemned by the Church in 416, and whose brand of Christianity was therefore considered heretical. In 429, Saint Germanus of Auxerre visited Britain to preach the accepted version of Christianity to the followers of Pelagius. (This is one of the few events for which scholars have corroborating documentary evidence from records on the continent.) His arguments were well-received, and he is even believed to have helped fend off an attack by Saxons and Picts. Life in Post-Roman Britain The official withdrawal of Roman protection did not mean that Britain immediately succumbed to invaders. Somehow, the threat in 410 was kept at bay. Whether this was because some Roman soldiers stayed behind or the Britons themselves took up arms is undetermined. Nor did the British economy collapse. Although no new coinage was issued in Britain, coins stayed in circulation for at least a century (though they were ultimately debased); at the same time, barter became more common, and a mixture of the two characterized 5th-century trade. Tin mining appears to have continued through the post-Roman era, possibly with little or no interruption. Salt production also continued for some time, as did metal-working, leather-working, weaving, and the production of jewelry. Luxury goods were even imported from the continent an activity that actually increased in the late fifth century. The hill-forts that had originated centuries before showing archaeological evidence of occupancy in the fifth and sixth centuries, suggesting they were used to evade and hold off invading tribes. Post-Roman Britons are believed to have built timber halls, which would not have withstood the centuries as well as the stone structures of the Roman period, but which would have been habitable and even comfortable when they were first constructed. Villas remained inhabited, at least for a while, and were run by wealthier or more powerful individuals and their servants, be they slave or free. Tenant farmers also worked the land to survive. Life in Post-Roman Britain couldnt have been easy and carefree, but the Romano-British way of life survived, and the Britons flourished with it. Continued on page two: British Leadership. British Leadership If there had been any remnants of centralized government in the wake of the Roman withdrawal, it rapidly dissolved into rival factions. Then, in about 425, one leader achieved enough control to declare himself High King of Britain: Vortigern. Although Vortigern did not govern the entire territory, he did defend against invasion, particularly against attacks by Scots and Picts from the north. According to the sixth-century chronicler Gildas, Vortigern invited Saxon warriors to help him fight the northern invaders, in return for which he granted them land in what is today Sussex. Later sources would identify the leaders of these warriors as the brothers Hengist and Horsa. Hiring Barbarian mercenaries was a common Roman imperial practice, as was paying them with the land; but Vortigern was remembered bitterly for making a significant Saxon presence in England possible. The Saxons rebelled in the early 440s, eventually killing Vortigerns son and exacting more land from the British leader. Instability and Conflict Archaeological evidence indicates that fairly frequent military actions occurred across England over the rest of the fifth century. Gildas, who was born at the end of this period, reports that a series of battles took place between the native Britons and the Saxons, whom he calls a race hateful both to God and men. The successes of the invaders pushed some of the Britons west to the mountains, precipices, thickly wooded forests, and to the rocks of the seas (in present-day Wales and Cornwall); others passed beyond the seas with loud lamentations (to present-day Brittany in western France). It is Gildas who named Ambrosius Aurelianus, a military commander of Roman extraction, as leading a resistance against the Germanic warriors and seeing some success. He does not provide a date, but he does give the reader some sense that at least a few years of strife against the Saxons had passed since the defeat of Vortigern before Aurelianus began his fight. Most historians place his activity from about 455 to the 480s. A Legendary Battle Both the Britons and the Saxons had their share of triumphs and tragedies until the British victory at the Battle of Mount Badon (Mons Badonicus), a.k.a. Badon Hill (sometimes translated as Bath-hill), which Gildas states took place in the year of his birth. Unfortunately, there is no record of the writers birth date, so estimates of this battle have ranged from as early as the 480s to as late as 516 (as recorded centuries later in the Annales Cambriae). Most scholars agree it occurred close to the year 500. There is also no scholarly consensus for where the battle took place since there was no Badon Hill in Britain in the following centuries. And, while many theories have been put forward as to the identity of the commanders, there is no information in contemporary or even near-contemporary sources to corroborate these theories. Some scholars have speculated that Ambrosius Aurelianus led the Britons, and this is indeed possible; but if it were true, it would require a reconfiguration of the dates of his activity, or an acceptance of an exceptionally long military career. And Gildas, whose work is the sole written source for Aurelianus as commander of the Britons, does not name him explicitly, or even refer to him vaguely, as the victor at Mount Badon. A Short Peace The Battle of Mount Badon is important because it marked the end of the conflict of the late fifth century, and ushered in an era of relative peace. It is during this time the mid-6th century that Gildas wrote the work that gives scholars most of the details they have about the late fifth century: the De Excidio Britanniae (On the Ruin of Britain). In the De Excidio Britanniae, Gildas told of the past troubles of the Britons and acknowledged the current peace they enjoyed. He also took his fellow Britons to task for cowardice, foolishness, corruption, and civil unrest. There is no hint in his writings of the fresh Saxon invasions that awaited Britain in the last half of the sixth century, other than, perhaps, a general sense of doom brought on by his bewailing of the latest generation of know-nothings and do-nothings. Continued on page three: The Age of Arthur? In response to a request for military assistance in 410, Emperor Honorius told the British people they would have to defend themselves. The occupation of Britain by Roman forces had come to an end. The next 200 years are the least well-documented in the recorded history of Britain. Historians must turn to archaeological finds to glean an understanding of life in this time period; but unfortunately, without documentary evidence to provide names, dates, and the details of political events, the discoveries can only offer a general, and theoretical, picture. Still, by piecing together archaeological evidence, documents from the continent, monument inscriptions, and the few contemporary chronicles such as the works of Saint Patrick and Gildas, scholars have gained a general understanding of the time period as set forth here. The Map of Roman Britain in 410 shown here is available in a larger version. The People of Post-Roman Britain The inhabitants of Britain were at this time somewhat Romanized, especially in urban centers; but by blood and by tradition they were primarily Celtic. Under the Romans, local chieftains had played an active role in the government of the territory, and some of these leaders took up the reigns now that the Roman officials were gone. Nevertheless, cities began to deteriorate, and the population of the entire island may have declined, in spite of the fact that immigrants from the continent were settling along the east coast. Most of these new inhabitants were from Germanic tribes; the one most often mentioned is Saxon. Religion in Post-Roman Britain The Germanic newcomers worshipped pagan gods, but because Christianity had become the favored religion in the empire in the preceding century, most Britons were Christian. However, many British Christians followed the teachings of their fellow Briton Pelagius, whose views on original sin were condemned by the Church in 416, and whose brand of Christianity was therefore considered heretical. In 429, Saint Germanus of Auxerre visited Britain to preach the accepted version of Christianity to the followers of Pelagius. (This is one of the few events for which scholars have corroborating documentary evidence from records on the continent.) His arguments were well-received, and he is even believed to have helped fend off an attack by Saxons and Picts. Life in Post-Roman Britain The official withdrawal of Roman protection did not mean that Britain immediately succumbed to invaders. Somehow, the threat in 410 was kept at bay. Whether this was because some Roman soldiers stayed behind or the Britons themselves took up arms is undetermined. Nor did the British economy collapse. Although no new coinage was issued in Britain, coins stayed in circulation for at least a century (though they were ultimately debased); at the same time, barter became more common, and a mixture of the two characterized 5th-century trade. Tin mining appears to have continued through the post-Roman era, possibly with little or no interruption. Salt production also continued for some time, as did metal-working, leather-working, weaving, and the production of jewelry. Luxury goods were even imported from the continent an activity that actually increased in the late fifth century. The hill-forts that had originated centuries before showing archaeological evidence of occupancy in the fifth and sixth centuries, suggesting they were used to evade and hold off invading tribes. Post-Roman Britons are believed to have built timber halls, which would not have withstood the centuries as well as the stone structures of the Roman period, but which would have been habitable and even comfortable when they were first constructed. Villas remained inhabited, at least for a while, and were run by wealthier or more powerful individuals and their servants, be they slave or free. Tenant farmers also worked the land to survive. Life in Post-Roman Britain couldnt have been easy and carefree, but the Romano-British way of life survived, and the Britons flourished with it. Continued on page two: British Leadership.

Global Outsourcing Expert Sodexo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Outsourcing Expert Sodexo - Essay Example Some of the challenges that have greatly interfered with employees’ careers due to flexibility at work include increased incidences of touring that may, on the other hand, lead to involvement in road accidents or indulgence in non-constructive activities. This may end a good career. Â  Flexible work schedules such as increased feelings to personal control over the schedules and within the working environment have made some employees to extend their hours of operation thus resulting in specialization. This may be very dangerous because employees not be innovative and think beyond their career choices. Â  Also, in some companies where there is a flexible work schedule, the employees have been subjected to tough rules such as subjection to specific working hours within a week and strike lock-outs. The employees hence become redundant because they do not do what they love, instead, they work under strict conditions. Moreover, some issues related to harassment in workplaces by some employers have hampered career progress but none is expected to complain. Harassment may be physical or mental. It reduces work morale of an employee. Â  Flexible work schedules to employees have contributed to decreased external childcare hours and costs. Most employees take much time at work compared to the time they give to their families. Such matters lead to poor parenting since the parent may not be in a position of identifying some of the problems affecting the family.

The Use of Semiotics in Understanding and Interpreting Images Essay

The Use of Semiotics in Understanding and Interpreting Images - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in the society today, an audiovisual culture has developed and is slowly superseding the reading and writing culture. Images are seen in cinemas, magazines, posters, books, newspapers, TVs, clothes and on computer screens. This develops a need for understanding and interpreting the meanings of images. Ideologies, myths, and connotations are mostly embedded in images making it difficult to understand. To achieve this, semiotics is used in analyzing the innate understanding and meanings behind images seen in the society today. This is because semiotics puts an emphasis on the communication of visuals and the kind of system that dominates the images being presented. Semiotics is an apparatus that is associated directly with the existing culture or trends in a society. Fashion today and the images presented by what people put on from clothes, shoes, hairstyle, and jewelry may be difficult to understand. This is because of the many features that it has. However , the images created by what people put on convey a lot of information about the characters, attitude, and moods of individuals. Advertisements also use images which carry a lot of message about the product being advertised. In the society today, advertisements are mostly used to introduce fashion to the society which keeps on changing over time. The semiotics theory explains that advertisements involve images that trigger emotions, feelings, moods, and attributes. This is achieved by the use of objects which create images in the minds of people. Adverts use images which connect objects with the real life to clearly pass the message needed. Advertisements are mostly used to signify, represent people and use objects that are most desired by people.

There is a best time to eat fruits Essay Example for Free

There is a best time to eat fruits Essay The title of the article is â€Å"Fruit and vegetable consumption† by Claudio E. Perez, published under Health Reports, volume 13, issue number 3, last March 2002. This is a secondary data source that analyzes the first hand information from the first half of cycle 1.1 of the Canadian Community Health Survey, which was done starting from September 2000 up to February 2001. This article tackles on the various connections associating the frequency of consuming fruits and vegetables with other health-linked activities and situations like physical activities and exercises, smoking, drinking (alcohol consumption) and weight problems like obesity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The research process that led me to this article was a series of database and search engine browsing and reading. Not all the sources that can be found in various databases are useful that’s why careful reading and analyses should be done. Using search engines like Google and Yahoo, I was able to come up with several articles when I keyed-in the words â€Å"best time to eat fruits.† The result turn-outs were overwhelming, but browsing through these outputs, there is barely any useful information that was available. The problems that have been encountered in looking for the article   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem with these search engines is that there are a lot of articles, but only a few are proven to be credible. Using articles which no has known credibility would just spoil the research process, since the information you have at hand may not be telling the truth. If that’s the case, then it would be useless since there is no real basis of the information that you have gathered. In my case there were some who are not credible, turnouts coming from blogs or written by anonymous authors prove no actual use in my search for the â€Å"best time to eat fruits.† What leads me to finding the right article I could use was when I searched an online database for research articles by professionals which have been used in a larger scale, like a national survey. I keyed in the keywords â€Å"best time to eat fruits† but there were no results that came up. I narrowed my query to â€Å"time to eat fruits,† until I came up with Claudio E. Perez’ article, â€Å"Fruit and vegetable consumption.† Evaluating the reliability of a source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When evaluating whether the source at hand is reliable, I looked into some considerations like when and where it was published, and if it came into public review at some time. The article by Perez was based on a survey across Canada from the Canadian Community Health Survey. It was about the fruit and vegetable consumption and its relation to important health-related factors like exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity all around Canada. Claudio Perez’ credibility has been strengthened with his association with the Health Statistics Division at Statistics Canada. This means that he is affiliated with the actual research and data gathering institution which proves that his articles are factual and are based on actual results from surveys and researches made by other people. This article by Claudio Perez was also published under a journal entitled Health Reports which was spread around the country. It was published around March 2002, and was included in databases in various college online libraries all over the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reliability of this article is also strengthened with the information that it offers, coming from a survey done in Canada by a legal institution. Also, the articles he provided in this writings were also based on previous writings by credible sources, which he used to back his information. Because of this, he was able to come up with a credible facts and information that back can back up his article, thus providing credibility for his paper. Questions that the article need to answer and the argument that it supports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When looking for the best time to eat fruits, I also considered several factors. This includes the consumers of these fruits, the fruits that are going to be consumed and the form or state that these fruits could be consumed. Looking at the nature of fruits in the human beings diet, it is usually being consumed as a dessert, food that could be consumed to fulfill the cravings for something sweet. But considering that these fruits have existed even before the discovery of cereals as staple food, it means that man has consumed food in their basic diets, not only as a dessert, but as a staple food instead. It then answer’s the query on the real role of fruit in people’s lives: not only a dessert, but could also be a number one source of dietary supplements that the body needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another query that this article answers is regarding the consumers of fruits. Basically, everyone needs to consume these fruits, since it is a good source of fiber and vitamins, something that could supply a good quality of sugar, an essential ingredient for the body’s energy. People from all walks of life should eat fruits, but this paper showed that not all of the people consume these foods. The most common consumers of these fruits come from middle to upper class people of the society, since they are the ones who are able to afford or be able to bring out extra money in their budgets to buy fruits. This is because of the fact that these fruits are not a staple food in people’s diets today, that’s why they would prefer to allocate their budgets to buy cereals and meat products as a part of their menu. They view fruits as a dessert, that’s why they would spend extra money on buying it, especially if they are a little short on the budget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another query is what should be the forms or the state that these fruits could be consumed. Since most of the people view fruits as something to be eaten for dessert, they are usually eaten raw or sweetened or turned into candies or confectionaries. Others consume fruits by â€Å"juicing† them up, especially the citrus fruits (Stoppani). Others prefer to turn them into blended shakes or frooties and drink them as is, especially for those who are on slimming diets, avoiding eating foods rich in fats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The real argument that this paper needs to answer is about the best time to eat fruits, and according to this article by Claudio Perez, these fruits can be eaten anytime during the day, since it was considered before as a staple food, not just some desserts or appetizers. It could provide the essential vitamins and nutrients that the body needs, and even more. These fruits are considered one of the healthiest foods, and that consuming them at a raw state is highly encouraged. With the advent of technology, they are being turned into juices or something appealing to the senses, like the more palatable fruit shakes, mixed with milk and other sweeteners. Summary of the structure and content of the source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Claudio Perez’ article. â€Å"Fruit and vegetable consumption,† aims to establish relationships and associations between various frequencies of consuming fruits and vegetable products with various health concerns like alcoholism, smoking, and physical activities and exercise. His data came from the Canadian Community Health Survey, wherein the data gathered were from September 200 through February 2001, the first half of the cycle 1.1. Population-based information and data regarding the fruit and vegetable consumption all over Canada were made available from the Canadian Community Health Survey. According to Perez, â€Å"Numerous studies indicate that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may help to prevent cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, which are leading causes of death in Canada (Perez).† This article associated low frequency of eating fruits and vegetables with several health risks to the human beings. This includes physical inactivity, smoking, weight problems and alcoholism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The analytical techniques that were employed includes weighted means of providing information regarding the frequency of eating fruits and vegetables as related to various health behaviors of human beings. These health behaviors include consumption of alcohol, physical exercises and activities, smoking and weight problems. According to Perez, â€Å"the effects of other influences on food choices were considered, the positive relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption frequency and chronic disease persisted for men (Perez).† Health status and socio-demographic characteristics were also weighed in, in relation to frequency of eating fruits and vegetables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The results that he was able to come up was that women were the ones who consume more of these fruits and vegetables as compared to men. According to Perez, â€Å"The average consumption frequencies for men and women whose level of physical activity was moderate or active and for those who were not daily smokers were significantly higher than the respective averages for men and women who were physically inactive or who smoked daily (Perez).† Taking on other influences regarding the topic, this relates the consumption of these fruits and vegetables into the state of being physically active, not engaging in smoking, and the reduced occurrence of being overweight, and not becoming alcohol dependent. Another article coming from an online source   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This article was written by Frederic Patenaude, a noted author of health books and articles, chef and health expert. His article, â€Å"Is there a food better than fruit?† is about the consumption of fruits not only for desserts and snacks but as a staple food in human diets(Patenaude Is There a Food Better Than Fruit?). This article is found on the Free Weekly Online Newsletter, Pure Health and Nutrition, wherein Frederic Patenaude was one of the main contributors. This article is a first hand source of information or a primary source, since it Patenaude shares what he knows regarding the topic. It was more of an analysis of fruits as a staple food, with historical backgrounds of the primary diets of people back in time mostly consisting of fruits and vegetables (Patenaude Raw Soups, Salads and Smoothies: Simple Recipes for Everyday Health). It provided a list of the benefits that is offered by eating fruits, like it is a good source of natural sugar which is a source of energy for the body. It is also a good source of vitamins for the body as compared to any food. References: Diamond, Harvey. Tips and Hints for Eating Fruit Til Noon .   2006. Fit for Life: Not Fat for Life Ed. Harvey DIamond.   eNotalone.com Inc. April 17 2007. http://www.enotalone.com/article/4153.html. Patenaude, Frederic. Is There a Food Better Than Fruit?   2006.   Pure Health and Nutrition E-zine. April 17 2007. http://www.fredericpatenaude.com/fruit-article.html. . Raw Soups, Salads and Smoothies: Simple Recipes for Everyday Health. Raw Vegan, 2003. Perez, Claudio E. Fruits and Vegetable Consumption. Health Reports Volume 13.Issue 3 (2002). Stoppani, Jim. The Ripe Stuff: Can You Ea T Fruit and Still Get Sliced? M F Experts Dissect This Dieting Question. Muscle Fitness   (2005).

Meditation :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My Personal Meditation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was very skeptical and cautious about the lesson on meditation. A few years back I had taken a course on relaxation, which I had found to be only somewhat helpful. I was hoping to find another alternative to calm myself and release the stress. Although I became disbelieving of meditation-I was proved wrong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After you told us to close our eyes, I had a hard time falling into the meditation. At first I felt uncomfortable and distressed. Thoughts kept revolving in my head and I could not get myself to let free. I wondered whether or not the never-ending gibberish you kept repeating was annoying anyone else. I was astonished at how long you kept repeating yourself without tiring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a while I found my own method and it had worked for me. Instead of listening to your words (which I became annoyed with) I blocked out every noise, word, racket the surrounded the room. I completely tuned out from reality and fell into the meditation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I did not realize that I had fallen into the meditation until after I came out of it. I felt like I had detached from my body and floated away. My mind was completely relaxed and blank. Nothing like I pictured it to be. I just felt NOTHING! No noise, no thoughts, I felt at peace with myself. It was hard for me to come out from the meditation because I had forced myself to block everything out and did not hear when you told us to open our eyes. Overall, it was a great experience and I found that it had relaxed me a great deal. However, I did not gain energy as you had so explained to us. I became very sleepy and peaceful. The only problem was that I had to go to work right after class. I work at a law firm, and being so relaxed did not help me at work.

Difficult Teachers: Recent Development on how they can be dealt with

Competition as a factor plays an important role in shaping up nearly all sectors in the present operational environment. Competition is rife in all sectors and education is swimming within these tides. Success of the teaching staff is largely guided by results and having even two ineffective teachers could lead to a bad name to a principal and his administration (Brock, & Grady, 2003). Inefficiency of the teaching staff can lead to loss of accountability and even place a school at risk of losing its reputation or failing to develop any.Like in the result oriented business world the ability of the teaching staff to set standards of peak performance or be close to the top performers is important in ensuring that parents and hard working teachers remain motivated and always seeks the best for students. Such levels of motivation are bound to trickle down to students and the result may be improvement in the levels of performance and development of a culture of success (Hopkins, 2009).It i s thus upon administrators especially principals and head of department to ensure they develop creative, humane, supportive, tough and timely approaches to deal with teachers who are not performing for one reason or the other. This is further complicated if the teachers being referred to are difficult to deal with. Appreciation of the Problem In practical teaching, many principals confess of having dealt with difficult teachers in more than one occasion. It is generally believed that each institution has what can be referred to as troubled teacher (Hopkins, 2009).The fact that the teachers are difficult to deal with must not be assumed to be directly correlated to their performance. In some cases the best teachers can prove to be hard to deal with which presents a larger problem considering the impact they could have on a school if they were to quit or their problem addressed badly. It is generally true that troubled, exhausted and even confused teachers have multiple negative impac ts on morale and school environment.Such troubled teachers have the ability to single handedly break the team spirit that is critical to staff success which results in fragmentation that is a breeding ground to failure in issues relating to school improvement initiatives. Difficult teachers have been termed by some researchers as a proverbial elephant in the staff. All in the staff are often aware of the existence of such a character but none is willing to confront for the fear of losing or what most refer to as being ‘trampled'.Many low performing and even high performing (based on result) institutions are overrun by such teachers who appear to be operating within their own code. It has been observed that some principals are even scared of such troubled teachers and though they are aware of their existence they do little to address the situation (Wilmore, 2007). The reality is that ignoring the existence of such teacher does little to address the situation which is let to man ifest within the teaching environment and with time the negative effects may even be observed in the levels of performance that can be attained by a staff (Brock, & Grady, 2003).Failure in performance may not only result to the ousting of a principal but also affect the lives of students who may have had better futures had it not been for the failure of the administrators in addressing difficult teachers. Principals must be appreciative of the fact that their roles as leaders is worth the risk because the goals seek more than material gain or advancement. This should also involve appreciation of the fact that the lives of the people within the school community and even outside the school community thus the society is dependent on the school system to provide meaning and purpose.This appreciation must be reinforced by personal assessment of the administrators to determine if they have the ability to effectively handle difficult teachers. Principals as managers and leaders have the ro le to ensure that the school community is motivated by dealing with the challenges to high levels of motivation and ensuring that impediment or threats to achievement of educational goals are addressed (Brock, & Grady, 2003). Administrators have the ability to misjudge a straight or good teacher for a trouble maker. This is especially true for administrators who are still getting the feel of being in a new environment.Depending on the existing administration for support is cited as a possible avenue to ensuring that new administrators get a feel of the environment and therefore develop objective assessment of the staff including their own ability to effectively manage the challenges presented by the environment they are in (Wilmore, 2007). Difficult teachers can come in hordes or could be unique in a staff that is highly cooperative. Even in a dysfunctional school community, there are teachers who are considered difficult. Researchers have come up with values that they view as being important in dealing with difficult teacher in varied conditions.The values that must be inherent of administrators can be developed and play a role in ensuring that difficult teachers are dealt with in both functional and dysfunctional environments. Assertive administration is cited as one of the critical success factors in dealing with difficult teachers. The term difficult in difficult teachers is not out of their knowledge of martial arts or spiritual ability rather is assertiveness that manifests negatively. The level of assertiveness that such teachers display has been cited by some as being manifested in difficult to deal with but successful teachers in class.Disregard for the existing systems and rule on a regular basis that defines difficult teachers is a manifestation of a negatively developed assertive nature (Brock, & Grady, 2003). It is only an assertive administrator that can effectively manage such a teacher and even reform his ways into those accepted within the est ablished systems. Character building is an important quality that administrators should possess if they are to effectively deal with difficult teachers. Character building is the ability to mould the perception and thereafter actions of a teacher in a manner that leads to their entry or fit into an existing set of values.Character affects perception and therefore actions and should thus be developed in a manner that is positive if the actions are to lead to generation of value to both students and other teaching staff (Wilmore, 2007). Many researchers have come up with findings that blame the behavior of difficult teacher on the nature of their cognition. Such difficult teachers display their negative character irrespective of the nature of administration thus addressing the character issues appear to be the best approach to dealing with difficult teachers.Communication is considered one of the important tools that managers and leaders have in ensuring that goals are transmitted thr ough out a system and people are motivated towards achieving set goals. Under constrained teaching environment, teachers may take on repulsive behavior to gaining the attention of the administration to issues that may be affecting their efficiency in teaching. While a negative teaching environment is not a precondition for difficult teachers it is a possible cause of negative teachers (Wilmore, 2007).Communication is an avenue through which the nature of difficult teachers can be discerned and it is only from this understanding that suitable intervention measures should be developed. Administrators must study and personalize the art of affective communication if difficult teachers are not to arise from a teaching environment and to also ensure a proper understanding of the negative teaching behavior. Developing a positive school culture has come up as one of the critical success factors in reducing the prevalence of difficult teaching.Poorly performing schools have been recorded as being a breeding ground for difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). A poor school culture develops a negative picture of what is expected of a teacher and develops a breeding ground for negative perception and energy that could result in difficult teachers. Some researchers have tried to develop a theory in a bid of have a clear image of difficult teacher formulation in an environment which postulate that a negative culture direct the otherwise positive energy that could have been channeled into positive development to poor interaction with students and other members of staff (Wilmore, 2007).The role of developing a positive culture has been studied in business and involves interaction with positive people and promotion of positive norms and values. The role of managers and leaders is prominent in this phase and could be the defining factor between failure and success. Contribution of the administrators to teaching and addressing issues that teachers and students are faced with plays a n important role in ensuring that administrators are appreciated as part of the school systems.By contributing to issues relating to staff development administrators are placed in a position where they can effectively monitor events within their environment (Whitaker, 2002). This is in line with proactive approaches to issues where reporting systems are a formal or documentation systems and not an avenue through which leaders gain insight of problems. By actively contributing to the school community and being at the fore in addressing issues, administrators are put in a position where they can be effective in ensuring overall school development.Conducting assertive interventions and timeliness are the other important values that administrators must display to be able to effectively manage difficult teachers. It is generally believed that the most effective way to deal with students is addressing the teachers. A school in its basic definition takes on a hierarchical structure was the teachers act as a bridge between students and the administration (Whitaker, 2002). Assertive intervention systems are important in ensuring that other teachers whom are often aware of the existence of a problem become informed of strategies that are being taken to address them.Timeliness is a value that is of critical importance in minimizing the negative effects of difficult teachers in a school community. Procrastination has been cited as one of the avenues through which administrators let negative effects of difficult teachers affect existing systems with negative repercussion (Whitaker, 2002). Addressing procrastination is therefore a critical success factor and can only be attained if timeliness as a factor is ingrained within systems seeking solutions. Manifestation of Difficult TeachingThe ability to identify problematic teacher is important in ensuring that the effect that he has on other members of the teachings staff are mitigated. Difficult teachers come in different for ms according to a recent survey that seeks to develop a clear understanding of difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). Understanding the exact manifestation of difficult behavior in teachers and interaction with other staff members and administration is important in devising strategy that can be used in dealing with threats that they pose.Complaining and negative teachers have been cited as the most difficult to deal with. It is advisable that such teachers be directly and confidentially addressed (Waterman, & Waterman, 2006). Ensuring that teachers are aware of the effects that their behavior has on existing system and achievement of the educational goals and presenting a platform for them to raise issues that may be affecting them in a confidential manner is important in ensuring the interventions do not manifest negatively. Research shows that some principals however choose to ignore the negative comments from difficult teachers.Though success of the interaction in such a case is de pendent on the degree with which the administrators can focus on positive staff members, ignoring the negative staff members is misplaced and could be counter-productive. Stating expectations and offering assistance have for a long time been considered vital steps in dealing with difficult teacher; however, the change in environment and the need for leaders and managers to be proactively involved in day to day running of their systems has led to increased requirement on administrators (Whitaker, 2002).Noise makers and anarchist are considered the second most common characteristic of difficult teachers. Directly addressing their behavior groups is considered the first step to addressing issues they may be faced with. Stating what is expected of them including policies, behavior and expectation while monitoring progress are also considered success factors (McEwan, 2005). Research shows that if the initial intervention framework fails in developing observable change in the teachers pla cing them on an improvement plan is considered the next phase by many.In most cases, the intervention system for these behavior group end with a teacher being asked to leave a faculty after all measures fail in developing positive behavior change. Difficult teachers can also be defined by high propensity to gossip. While gossip may be considered a form of communication in any social setting if it continues to grow it could prove difficult for administrators to replace it with the truth. A factor that is widely appreciated as being a stumbling block to effectively addressing issues that an organization is faced with is gossip which affects the level of efficiency that can be attained in communication.Administrators must ensure that such members of staff are made aware of the negative effects that gossip could have to the attainment of school goals. Most leadership experts point to the fact that openly showing disgust and disapproval of gossip could lead to positive results (McEwan, 2 005). Institutions that are aware of the negative effects that continual gossips has on communication efficiency have in the past asked difficult teachers to consider leaving a faculty if they could not deal with their love for gossiping.Backstabbers are another problem group where the direct approach is cited as being most effective. In fact a more direct approach than in all other cases has to be used in confronting culprits with questions on the why, what, where and when regarding a case. Depending on the magnitude of a case the intervention systems may either involve letting the culprit be aware of the fact that his actions have been brought into light and citing insubordination which may also involve restating expectation of behavior and initiation of an improvement plan (McEwan, 2005).Research shows that most principals are aware of the existence of such backstabber but consider their actions less influential on attainment of goals. Backstabbing is viewed by principals as diff ering opinions rather than lack of appreciation of the input of other members. This is a negative perception that is reflective of the differences that exist between practice and research. Discussion There appears to be a wide appreciation of the extent of difficult teachers. Researchers have tried to dissect the problem from different dimensions to ensure that its emergence, manifestation and even approaches to its management are well understood.Behavior development; nature of experiences that a teacher has undergone; the nature of the operational environment and objectives of the teachers are factors cited as being vital in defining the extent and effect of difficult teachers. There is no doubt on the effects that such teachers could have on the levels of morale and even attainment of administrative goals. One of the most important developments in recent research is an effort to develop a clear understanding of the different behavior groups and how each group can be addressed.Dire ct measures and restatement of the vision have been stated as being vital in ensuring effective management of different cases. The role of the administrators and the critical success values are applicable in the measures that have been developed for different behavior groups. It is apparent that there is little that can be done by researchers to address individual cases however administrators can pick from the general guidelines that have been developed to come up with measures in management and leadership that can ensure difficult teachers are dealt with in a manner that leads to professional development.Critical review of success factors and steps involved in mitigating and addressing specific behavior problems points to the fact that effective leadership and management are important in identification and address of difficult teachers as a key problem in achievement of schooling goals. The art and science aspect of management have to be reinforced with appreciation of the potentia l effect that problem teachers have on attainment of a school's objectives and facilitation of communication and transmission of positive values in attaining efficiency.There is no doubt on the role played by innovation, creativity, skills, experience, coordination and overall strategic management in ensuring difficult teachers are managed and their effects addressed. Conclusion Difficult teachers have the potential of disrupt learning and lead to loss of morale in the teaching staff. Understanding the teachers which involve ensuring high levels of interaction with them and application of strategic management principles in addressing the challenge they present have widely been discussed by researchers.There however appears to be a gap between research and practice in that some principals and administrators despite the effects that difficult teachers have on attainment of school goals ignore their existence. Researches on how this appreciation can be developed are lacking and are one of the key areas that have to be addressed if the current state of research is to be helpful to practicing administrators. Little has been done with regards to difficult administrators who may in fact pose a greater threat to attainment of schooling goals.A further understanding of the cause of difficult behaviors among teachers must be developed to create a good platform for administrators to base their interventions. In a nutshell, the current researches provide a suitable platform for definition of strategic directions that can be taken in addressing difficult teachers; it is however upon administrators and the entire school community to develop specific approaches that are relevant to their cases which differ different owing to different values and expectations that characterize schools.

Assess the View Family Is Found in Every Society Essay

Assess the view that the family is found in every society. (24 marks) A family is a group of people that live together in the same household, they work together and pool their resources and to some extent they share domestic tasks and income. Families often reproduce and have children. They usually include an adult male and female who have a sexual relationship which is approved of by the wider society as it is often a marital relationship. This is Murdock’s definition of a family and is often considered to be a nuclear family. Murdock, a functionalist, based his definition on a sample of 250 societies which ranged from hunting and gathering bands to small-scale farming societies to large-scale industrial societies. He found a variety of family forms within his sample however each contained a basic nucleus consisting of a husband and a wife with one or more children, either their own or adopted. Murdock believed that the nuclear family is a universal social grouping as it is f ound in all societies. Aside from the nuclear family there are also extended families, these often contain relatives of kin either through blood or through marriage. This is often having aunties and uncles who become family through marriage and then have children to make the family bigger with cousins. These all stem off from the nuclear family. Families are also larger due to beanpoles, this is usually grandparents and grandchildren, and the family gets bigger due to different generations getting bigger. In the nuclear family it is usually a monogamous marriage that takes place, this is where a person only marries one person and this is considered the norm in many societies. In other societies polygamy is the norm. This is where a person is permitted to marry more than one person at a time for example in the Mormon society this is the norm. This often occurs in these societies as there is a shortage of men or women, due to the economic stability or to provide more children. In some societies, the nuclear family is not the norm. Felicity Edholm said that there was nothing normal or natural about the nuclear family. She states that family and kinship relationships are socially constructed as they are based on culture more than on biology. The links between husband and wife, and parent and child are constructed differently within different societies. The Lakker of Burma see there being no blood relationship between the mother and the child, the mother is simple a container for the child to grow in, therefore sexual relationships between the mother and the child are permitted due to no blood relationship so it is not seen as incest. This shows that in societies a nuclear family is not normal. The Nayer society in India is made up of men and women descended through the female line from a common ancestor. Brothers and sisters, women and children live together; the children are members of their mothers group and not their fathers. The Nayer girls marry a man before puberty and later on are permitted to as many lovers as they want. Her ‘husband’ may or may not be one of these lovers. The children are raised in their mother social group and ‘husbands’ and fathers so not share the same residence as their ‘wives’ and have little to do with their children. The brother of the mother raises the children like his own rather than the biological father and it is his job to look after them. This IK society is another society which doesn’t have a nuclear family. The IK societies face a daily struggle to survive in the face of draught, famine and starvation. Anyone who cannot look after themselves are regarded as useless burdens. Children are regarded as useless appendages the same as old people as they use up precious resources so they are often abandoned and left to die, sick and disabled children are also left to die. The IK mothers throw the children out of the village compound at three years old and they have to then fend for themselves. These examples of non-nuclear families are interactionalists idea’s and do show that the family is not universal as there are some societies without families such as the IK. The Marxists agree with the interactionalists in that families don’t appear in all societies, the Marxists believe that families only appear in societies with a private residence therefore making it non-universal. The feminists believe that the family only appears in families where the men dominate the women; it doesn’t have to be universal. The new rights think that there is a universal human tendency to live in families; however there are other universal tendencies too such as the desire for survival. In these cases the tendency for families to appear may be overridden. In modern western societies the family may be in decline because selfishness over-rides the natural tendency to form families.